Recent Trends in Contemporary International Relations

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Recent Trends in Contemporary International Relations

Globalization: A Concept
•Jan Art Schulte has used globalization attached it to five meanings;
•Internationalization:  Rapid development of interactions and interdependences among states beyond their territories and geography;
•Liberalization-To end governmental restrictions on trade between the states. Focus on private sectors;
•Universalization-   A process of disseminating goods and services, and knowledge to East, West, North and South;
•Westernization –Americanization. Cultural colonialism; and
•Deterritorialization- The change of geography by which topographies, geographical distances and geographical boundaries has lost some of the previous irrefutable influences.


•Globalization is the process of integrating/entering  into a world/global economy with medium of trade of goods and services, transferring of capital, human resources, ideas and technology;
•It can be defined as a freedom of firms and individuals  to initiate transaction/business with firms and citizens of other countries in the world;
 
Operational Definitions


•‘Globalization refers to all those processes by which the people of the world are incorporated into a single world society, global society’-Martin Albrow; and
•‘Globalization refers to processes whereby social relations become relatively delinked from territorial geography, so that human lives are increasingly played out in the world as a single place’- Jan Art Scholte.

Features of Globalization
•Door of national economy is open to foreign capital, foreign direct investment and technology;
•The effort of national economy to be entered into global economy;
•Free trade, end of barriers like protection and restriction in trade;
•Pre-dominance of privatization and liberalization/ minimal control of state in production and distribution;
•Multi-national corporations such as WTO, IMF and WB have been expanding their roles;
•Revolution in information and technology which fetched unprecedented changes in transportation and communication;
•Deterritorialization has made the geographical influence irrelevant gradually;
•Development of global social movements. Civic /civil activism has been increased  on human rights, gender issues, environmental protection and the campaigns against HIV/AIDS; and
•Global governance with help of transnational institutions like  United Nations Organizations, other regional organizations, IMF and WTO.


Aspects of Globalization
                     Communication
•Computer networks, Optic Fiver Networking, telephone and Audio-Visuals have contributed to escalation of globalization. Be the individual elsewhere  in the any parts of the glove or elsewhere within the territory of state, he/she may exchange his/her views in the twinkling of an eye without any restriction;
•Social networks like Face book and Twitter  have collapsed all kind of distance among people; and
•There is no prevalence of either  state boundary or a check post.

                               Organization
•The expansion of the networks of  Multi-national Corporations, INGOs, Bi-lateral Agencies, Multi-lateral Agencies, COCACOLA and organizations on protection of intellectual properties is not bound/stopped by the boundary of  states;
•The working area of these organizations is global and global society is being perceived as their clients; and
•Of these organizations,some of them are using practice of virtual office extensively.

Environment
•Globalization has internationalized a number of issues pertaining to  depletion of Ozone Layer, climate change and bio-diversity;
•Problems deep seated in the environmental sector cannot be sorted out and solved by the single efforts of one state; and
• These problems have global impacts and which can be solved by collective efforts of sates and transnational organizations.

Production
•Some of the products in the world are not limited to  the territory of national economy of the states. In the production cycle of these products, efforts of several countries are contained;
•For an insightful  examples,  several productive units of several countries are involved in endeavors/activities  i.e. research and development,  processing,   manufacturing  and installation of  machinery parts, preparation and  quality control;
•Several multi-national  companies  are manufacturing their  spare parts  in the developing countries  through out sourcing; and
•Because of practice of electronic currency and credit card  applicable to use elsewhere in any parts of the glove has globalized consumption, not only the production.

Military
•Military sector is no exception to impact triggered by globalization.  It has impacted military sector specially in the field of manufacturing weapons and their capacities to meet long range and intelligence/spying;
•The use of intercontinental rockets has made possible to target any parts of the glove as a range post not making a difference a step beyond;
•It has been possible to  seek information on military power  against  opposition through medium of  detective sub-planets sent to the space from the earth;
•The entire world is no far from the reality of being a single battlefield; and
•The situation is becoming more terrible that even the networks of terrorists  have begun to take advantages of globalization.


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