Public Interest Litigation in Nepal

•;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kdf lk5l8Psf ju{x? vfzu/L  cfly{s cj:yf, c1fgtf jf czQmtfsf] sf/0f cfˆgf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fjf k|rngsf] nflu cbfnt ;dIf hfg g;Sg] hgtfx?nfO{ Gofosf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg] Ps ;zQm dfWod dfq geP/ cfw'lgs sfg"gL /fHosf] Gofo k|0ffnLsf] clgjfo{ zt{sf] ?kdf ljsf; ePsf] 5 . ;j{k|yd xjf{8 n o'lgel;{6Lsf k|fWofks cj|xd r]o; (Abraham Chayes) n] cfˆgf] n]v Role of Judges in Public Law Litigation df ;fj{hlgs sfg"gsf] ljjfb gfdfs/0f u/]sf x'g tfklg o; k|s[ltsf d'2fx?sf] k|rng cd]l/sfdf w]/} cufl8 b]lv ePsf] xf] .

•ca|fxd r]o/ n] km/s lsl;dsf] b]jfL sf/jfxLsf] a0f{g u/]sf 5g\ h'g k/Dk/fut ljjfb eGbf km/s k|s[ltsf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs sfg'gsf] ljjfb / kl5 ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] ?kdf kl/eflift ul/of] . o;df ljjfbsf] laifo lghL clwsf/ geP/ ;fj{hlgs laifosf] ;fy{stf k'li6 ug]{ k|of; ul/G5 . r]o;sf cg';f/ o;sf rf/ cGt/;DalGwt ljz]iftfx? 5g\ . klxnf] sfg'gn] geP/ kIf / cbfntn] d'2fnfO{ :j?k lbG5g\ h'g b'O{ kIfsf] aLrsf] ljjfbsf] ?kdf geP/ Aofks / ;+/rgf ljlxg x'G5 . bf];|f] s'/f ljjfbsf tYox? e"tsfnsf sfo{x? geP/ elaiobzL{ / pkrf/ s]lGb|t x'G5g\ . t];|f] s'/f pkrf/ nfbg] geP/ jftf{4f/f lgwf{/0f ul/g] x'G5g\ h;df cbfntsf] lg/Gt/ ;xeflutf x'G5 . plrt / bLuf] kl/0ffdsf nflu ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofdf cbfnt ;lqmo ;xefuL x'G5 . of] t];|f] ljz]iftfsf] kl/0ffd rf}yf] ljz]iftf k|ltljlDat x'G5 h; cg';f/ ljjfb AolQm AolQm aLr lghL clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf geP/ ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL u'gf;f] jf ph'/L /x]sf] x'G5 .

•;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb eGg] ljlQs} cbfntsf] ;lqmotfsf] s'/f ;+u;+u} hfl8P/ cfpF5 . j[xb ;d'bfo jf vfz ju{ jf ;d'bfosf] lxt;+u ;DjlGwt ljifodf k/Dk/fut xsb}of / sfo{ljlwjf6 cufl8 j9]/ gLltut ljifodf cbfntn] u/]sf] x:tIf]kjf6 Goflos ;lqmotf / ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; ePsf] xf] . k|fWofks cj|fxd r]o;sf cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ljjfb eGgfn] sfg"g Joj;foL jf Public Spirited JolQmx? jf6 cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] dfWodjf6 ;fdflhs kl/jt{gnfO{ cufl8 j9fpg] dfWod xf] h;n] sfg"gL lgodx?df kl/jt{g, ljBdfg sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog / gofF lgodx?sf] 3f]if0ff u/fpF5

•Nature of PIL

•(First, the joinder of parties has been liberalized. Today, all parties with an “interest” in the controversy can join the litigation. Class actions are allowed.

•Second equitable relief is provided and nature of injunction is modified if required that is balancing the interests of the parties.

•Third the remedies are prospective that is not only on the matters of past happenings but also future looking.  Fact evaluation not fact finding, procedural flexibility, relaxed rule of standing, activist interpretation, remedial flexibility)

•;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbn] klxn] k|ltlglwTj gePsf ju{ / :jfy{x?sf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] k|s[ofnfO{ hgfpF5 . cd]l/sfdf o;sf] ljsf; sfnf hftLx?sf] hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ / pgLx?sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fdflhs cfly{s  cj:yfsf] sf/0fn] Gofodf kxF"r geO{ ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL clwsf/jf6 jl~rt ju{sf hgtfsf] lxtdf ljsf; ePsf] xf] .

•ef/tdf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb zf]lift hg ;d'bfox? / lk5l8Psf ju{x?nfO{ sfg"gL ;xfotf pknJw u/fpg] cfGbf]ngsf] ?kdf ?kdf ljsf; ePsf] xf] . 

•;fdfGo sfg"gL ;]jf jhf/n] ;dfhsf] dxTjk"0f{ lx:;f / :jfy{x?sf] ;+/If0f ug{ g;s]sf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]/ of] k|of; z'? esPsf] -o:tf ;d'bfo / :jfy{x?df hftLo cNk;+Vos / jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf] ljifo_

•GofonfO{ u/Lj hgtfsf] kx"Frdf k'¥ofpg ef/tLo cbfntn] cfËnf] ;]S;g sfof{ljlwsf] xsb}of ;DjGwL lgodnfO{ v's'nf] kf/]/ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbof] . ef/tdf ;Q/Lsf] bzsdf nfu]sf] ;+s6sfn kl5 kqsf/, sfg"g Joj;foL, GofofwLz / ;fdflhs sfo{stf{x? jLrsf] c3f]lift Pstfn] o;sf] ljsf;df d2t u¥of] . !(&( df h]ndf jGbLx?dfly ePsf] cdfgjLo Jojxf/sf] ;DjGwdf klqsfdf k|sflzt ;dfrf/sf] cfwf/df Pshgf sfg"g Joj;foLjf6 bfo/ ul/Psf] lgj]bgnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/of] h;sf] sf/0f sf/jfxLsf] qmddf y'gfdf /x]sf $),))) eGbfj9L jGbLx?Gofonfosf] cfb]zjf6 d'Qm eP . l56f] 5l/tf] Gofo kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ df}lns clwsf/sf] ?kdf dfGotf lbOof] . ;Q/Lsf] bzsdf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb hgk|Lo sfo{ljlwsf ;fy cufl8 j9\of] . o;sf] klxnf] k|efj xsb}of ;DjGwL  k/Dk/fut lgodnfO{ sdhf]/ kfg]{ jf kl/jt{g ug]{ /Xof] .

•Epistolary Jurisdiction

•cbfntn] sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yf ePsf / c1fgtfj; cbfnt cfpg g;Sg] ju{sf] tkm{jf6 lgj]bg ug{ ;fdflhs sfo{stf{ / sfg"g Joj;foLx?nfO{ cg'dlt lbof] . sltko cj:yfdf cbfntn] vfzu/L h]ndf jGbLx?dfly ePsf] b'Jo{jxf/, jFw'jf >d / dfgl;s ;+:yfsf jGbLx?sf] ;DjGwdf GofofwLznfO{ ;Djf]wg u/]/ n]lvPsf kqnfO{ klg cbfnt cfkm}n] Suo Moto hfgsf/L lnP/ sf/jfxL j9fpg] (Epistolary  Jurisdiction ) u|x0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . To:t} k/Dk/fut ljjfbdf h:tf] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ljjfbdf cbfntsf] e"ldsf lgis[o x'Fb}g . cbfntn] kIfnfO{ k|Zg ug]{ dfq geP/ ;dfwfgsf] vf]hL klg ub{5 . ;/sf/L pQ/bfloTj / jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf ljifodf cbfntn] kIf ljkIf jLr ljjfbsf] lg0f{o  eGbf klg bL3{sflng ;dfwfgsf] pkfosf] vf]hLdf nfu]sf] kfOG5 . o;sf] nflu cbfntn] tYosf] hfFrj'em / 5fgljg u/L k|lj]bg k]z ug{  Fact Finding Commission sf] u7g ug]{ k|rngsf] klg ljsf; u¥of] . o:tf cfof]udf ;DjlGwt ljifosf ljz]if1 / sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbn] k/Dk/fut xsb}ofsf] l;4fGtnfO{ sdhf]/ kfg'{sf ;fy} cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/df klg lj:tf/ u¥of] . d'2fsf kIfx?sf] ;+/rgf klg kl/jt{g eof] . k/Dk/fut b'O{ w|'jLo k|ltJbGbfTds k4ltsf] ;§f d'2fsf] ljifoj:t'sf] jf/]df ;To tYo kQfnufpgdf cbfntsf] ;lqmo ;+nUgtfnfO{ j9fof] . k/Dk/fut ljjfbdf cbfntn] e"tnIfL pkrf/ dfq k|bfg ug]{df cbfntn] eljionIfL  b[li6jf6 lg0f{o ug]{, lg/Gt/ k/dfb]zsf] dfWodjf6 km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] klg cg'udg ug]{ h:tf sfo{n] GofonfO{ hgtfsf] glhs k'¥ofpg] sfd u¥of] .

•Bihar Legal Support Society v. The Chief Justice of India & Otrs:

•“The majority of the people of our country are subjected to this denial of ‘access to justice’ and overtaken by despair and helplessness, they continue to remain victims of an exploitative society where economic power is concentrated in the hands of a few and it is used for perpetuation of domination over large masses of human beings…… The strategy of public interest litigation has been evolved by this Court with a view to bringing justice within the easy reach of the poor and disadvantaged sections of the community.”

• To:t} k|wfg GofofwLz lk=Pg\ eujtLn] sfg'gL ;xfotf ;DjGwL k|ltj]bgdf eg]sf 5g\ “Even while retaining the adversary system, some changes may be effected whereby the judge is given a greater participatory role in the trial so as to place the poor, as far as possible, on a footing of equality with the rich in administration of justice.”

•;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] dfWodjf6 cbfntn] k/Dk/fut If]qflwsf/sf] cjwf/0ffjf6 cul8 j9]/ cbfntn] sfo{Gjogsf] lhDd]jf/L klg cfkm}n] lng] o;sf] k|Tofe"ltsf] nflu lg/Gt/ k/dfb]zsf] dfWodjf6 lg/Gt/ cfb]z hf/L ug]{ / sfo{sfl/0fL c+usf] lg/Gt/ k|ltj]bg dfu ug]{ sfo{klg ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;n] cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/df klg lj:tf/ eof] . o;/L cbfntn] Goflos ;lqmotf b]vfP/ gLltut If]qdf x:tIf]k u/L gful/s :jtGqtf, >ldsx?sf] lxt, n}lËs Gofo, ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] pQ/bfloTj, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / cfly{s ;fdflhs clwsf/- h:t} cfjf;, :jf:Yo lzIff cflb_ clwsf/sf] k|rngdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] kfOG5 . cbfntsf] of] ;lqmotfn] hgdfg;df cbfnt k|ltsf] hgcf:yfdf j[l4x'g'sf] ;fy} cbfntsf] zlQmdf klg j[l4 u/fof] . ;fy;fy} cbfntnfO{ cfˆgf] If]qflwsf/sf] ;Ldf gf3]sf] eg]/ cfnf]rgf klg ul/of] . jx'dtsf] lg0f{o lj?4 clgjf{lrt GofofwLzx?sf] cg'lrt x:tIf]k egL cfnf]rgfeof] .

•o;n] cgluGtL d'2fx?sf] jf9L g} Nofof], zf]lift kLl8t hgtfsf] clwsf/sf] /Iff / ltgLx?nfO{ Gofo lbnfpg eGbf klg k|rf/jfhL / ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] cfj/0fdf JolQmut :jfy{k"lt{sf] nflu ljjfb n}hfg] k|j[lQsf] klg ljsf; eof] .

•s_ GofofwLzsf] ;?jf ;DjGwL d'2f -P;=kL u'Ktf lj?4 o'lgog ckm\ Ol08of,!(*@_M xfOsf]6{sf GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm / ;?jf ;DjGwdf lgj]bg lbg sfg"g Joj;foLnfO{ cg'dlt lbOPsf] .

•v_ lkk'N; o'lgog km/ 8]df]qm]l6s /foH6 lj/ o'lgog ckm Ol08of -!(*@_ M Go"gtd Hofnf glbg] u/L ;/sf/L kl/of]hgfdf sfd u/fOPsf dhb"/x?sf] tkm{jf6 l/6 lgj]bg ug{ dhb"/ o'lgognfO{ cg'dlt lbOPsf]

•u_ zLnf jfif]{ lj= :6]6 ckm dxf/i6« -!(*#_M jGbL dlxnfx? lj?4 oftgf / cdfgjLo Jojxf/ eof] eGg] zLnf jfif]{ sf] kqsf] cfwf/df sf/jfO ePsf] h;df cbfntn] dlxnf jGbLx?sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu dfu{bz{g lbPsf] 5 .

•3_ d's]z c8jfgL lj= :6]6 ckm\ Pd=kL=- !(*%_M 9'ËfvfgLdf sfd ug]{ dhb"/x?sf] bogLo cj:yfsf jf/]df k/]sf] lgj]bgdf ljrf/ u/L ef]kfnsf lhNnf GofofwLzsfnfO{ cg';Gwfgs u/L k|ltj]bg k]z ug{  lgo'Qm u/]sf] .

•ª_ g]zgn 6]S6fOn js{;{ o'lgog lj= lk=cf/= /fds[i0fg - !(*#_M sDkgLsf sfdbf/x?nfO{ sDkgL vf/]hL ;DjGwL ;'g'jfO{df pkl:yt x'g] xs x'G5 egL jf]lnPsf]

•r_ jw'jf d'lQm df]rf{ lj= o'lgog ckm\ Ol08of - !(%$_M jFw'jf bfzx?sf] d'lQmdf ;+nUg ;+u7gnfO{ lgj]bg lbg] clwsf/ x'G5 eGb} cbfntn] eg]sf] 5

•"...where a member of public acting bona fie moves the court for  enforcement of a fundamental right on behalf of a person or class of persons who on account of poberty or disability or socially or economically disvantaged position cannot approach the court for relief, such a member of the public may move to the court even by just writing a letter, because it would not be right , or fair to expect a person acting pro bono publico to incur expenses out of his own pocket preferring a regular writ petition for the enforcement of the right of the poor and deprived section s of the community and in such a case a letter addressed by him an legitimately be regarded as an appropriate proceeding." 

•5_ ;lgn jqf lj= lbNnL P8\ldlg:6«]zg -!(*)_M ltxf/ h]nsf] Ps jGbLn] csf]{ jGbLnfO{ jf8{gn] cdfgjLo Jojxf/ u/]sf] eg]/ n]v]sf] kqnfO{ lgj]bgsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ u/L o;df cfjZos lgb]{zg ;lxt bf]ifL sd{rf/LnfO{ sf/jfxLsf] l;kmfl/; klg u¥of] . o; d'2fdf cbfntn] eg]sf] 5

•“…technicalities and legal niceties are no impediment to the court entertaining even an informal communication as a proceeding for habeas corpus if the basic facts are found”.

•h_ pk]Gb| jS;L lj= :]66 ckm\ o'=lk -!((#_M df cfu|fsf ;'/Iffu[xdf /flvPsf jGbLx?sf ;+j}wflgs clwsf/sf] k|rngsf nflu lbNnL ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofksx?sf] lgj]bgnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/of] .

•em_ ljgf ;]¶L lj= ljxf/ /fHo-!(*@_ df lgz'Ns sfg"gL ;xfotf ;ldltn] GofofwLznfO{ ;Djf]wg u/L n]v]sf] kqnfO{ l/6 lgj]bgsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/of] .

•`_ Pd\=;L= d]xtf lj= o'lgog ckm\ Ol08of -!(*&_M kml6{nfO{h/ tyf s]ldsn NkfG6jf6 UofF; lns eP/ hgtfsf] :j:Yodf c;/ kg]{ ljifodf clwjQmfnfO{ lgj]bg ug]{ xs ePsf] JofVof ePsf] .

•6_ ljzfvf lj= :6]6 ckm /fh:yfg-!((&_ df dlxnf pk/sf] b'Jo{jxf/ /f]Sg lgb]{zg hf/L ePsf] of] ljjfbdf ef/tLo ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] sfo{:ynsf] Sexual harassment n] n}+lus ;dfgtfsf] xssf] pNn‹g x'ghfG5 . ;+ljwfg k|bQ hLjg / :jtGqtfsf] xs cGtu{t of}g hGo lx+;fjf6 d'lQm ;Ddfgk"j{s sfd ug{kfpg] clwsf/ klg kb{5 eGb} k|efjsf/L /fli6«o sfg"gsf] Joj:yfsf] cefj ePsf] egL cGt/fli6«o ;lGw / dfkb08sf] kfngfsf] nflu lgb]{zg hf/L ePsf] 5 .

•PIL in Nepal

•@)$& ;fn eGbf cufl8 g]kfnsf] cbfntn] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ljjfbdf ;lqmotf b]vfPsf] kfOb}g . cGoq ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ljjfb ;DjGwL cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; cbfntsf] ;lqmotfjf6 ePsf] kfOG5 eg] g]kfndf @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgn] g} cbfntnfO{  ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb x]g]{ If]qflwsf/ tyf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf cbfntdf k|j]zug]{ xsb}of k|bfg u/]/ cf/De ePsf] kfOG5 . To;}n] g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/ ;DjGwL cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf;df Goflos ;lqmotf eGbfklg ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgsf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ /Xof] . of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 k/]sf] klxnf] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbdf cbfntn] lgj]bssf] ljifoj:t';+usf] tflTjs Pj+ ;fy{s ;DjGw / k|ltlglwTjsf] s'/f p7fP/ l/6 hf/L gu/]klg To;kl5sf dxTjk"0f{ ljifox?df l/6 :jLsf/ ul/Psf] / /fli6«o dxTjsf ljifox?, dfgj clwsf/sf cGt/fli6«o ;lGwx?sf] k|rng, jftfj/0f, k|fs[lts ;Dkbf, dlxnf clwsf/, hLjgsf] clwsf/, pkef]Qmfsf] clwsf/, ;fj{hlgs :j:Yo, ;"rgfsf] xs, ;fdflhs Gofo, dlxnf lx+;f cflb ljifosf l/6 lgj]bgx? ;'gL gLltut ljifodf ;lqmo x:tIf]k u/]sf] 5 .

!_ /fw]Zofd clwsf/L lj= d=k=;= ;d]t

•;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbdf hf] ;'s} gful/snfO{ xsb}of x'g] k|fjwfg ;lxtsf] @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 ;f] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg cg'?k k/]sf] klxnf] d'2f /fw]Zofd clwsf/L lj= d=k=;= ;d]tdf cbfntn] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo s] xf] / s] xf]Og eGg] s'/fsf] ljj]rgf ub}{ eg]sf] 5 M

•;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb eGgfn] s'g} vfz JolQm jf JolQmx?sf] JolQmut xs jf ;/f]sf/df dfq ;Lldt ePsf] ljjfb geP/ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf jf s'g} hg ;d'bfosf] ;fd"lxs xs jf ;/f]sf/ ;+u ;DjlGwt ePsf] ljjfbsf] jf]w x'G5 . s'g} ljjfb ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o Tof] ljjfb  ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf jf s'g} hg;d'bfosf] ;fd"lss xs jf ;/f]sf/ ;Fu ;DjlGwt 5 jf s'g} vfz JolQm jf JolQmx?sf] xs jf  ;/f]sf/ ;+u ;DjlGwt 5 eGg] cfwf/df x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 .

•Subject matters of PIL

•;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb egL lgj]bg lbg

•s_ lgj]bssf] To; ljifo ;+u ;fy{s ;DjGw (meaningful relation)

•v_ tflTjs ;/f]sf/ (substantial interest)

•u_ ljjfbdf d'l5Psf] ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/;+u ;DjlGwt hg ;fwf/0fsf] k|ltlglwTj lghn] ;xL ?kdf ug{ ;Sb5 egL lghn] cbfntnfO{ ljZjfz lbnfpg'k5{

•3_ ;fwf/0f cle?rL / rf;f]nfO{ dfq kof{Kt dfGg g;lsg] x'Fbf wf/f ** cg';f/ xsb}of gx'Fg]

•of] d'2fdf s:tf ljifo ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf x'G5g egL ljj]rgf ePsf] kfOG5 .

•s_ ;fj{hlgs xs eGgfn];fwf/0f hgtf jf s'g} hg;d'bfodf sfg"g / ;+ljwfgdf lglxt ePsf] s'g}     xs

•v_ ;/f]sf/ eGgfn] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf jf s'g} hg;d'bfosf] ;fd"lxs lxt jf :jfy{sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ jf To:tf] lxt jf :jfy{sf] k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ s'g} klg s'/f ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo x'g;Sg] .

•u_ b]zsf] ;'/Iff zf;g Joj:yf

•3_ ;fdflhs zflGt

•ª_ hg;fwf/0fsf] lzIff :jf:Yo / g}ltstf

•r_ b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yf

•5_ d"No j[l4

•h_ ;fdflhs Gofo cflb

@_ jfns[i0f Gof}kfg] lj= k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf

•;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] ?kdf cbfntn] :jLsf/ u/L l/6 hf/L ePsf] d'2f jfns[i0f Gof}kfg] lj= k|wfgdlGq lu/Lhfk|;fb sf]O/fnf ePsf] pTk|]if0f d'2f -6gsk'/ kl/of]hgf ;DjGwL ;lGw ljifos ljjfb_ xf] . o;df ;Ddfglgt ;jf]{Rr cbftnjf6 æ;/sf/jf6 ul/g] ;j} sfd sf/jfxLx? h;jf6 /fi6«nfO{ jf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] s'g} ju{ jf ;d'bfonfO{ k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf c;/ kg{ ;Sb5 ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf x'G5g\ . o:tf ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf ljifodf ;/sf/n] ckgfPsf gLlt /u/]sf lg0f{o / sfdx?sf] ;DjGwdf hfgsf/L lbg] Psflt/ ;/sf/sf] st{Jo xf] eg] csf]{lt/ ;f] ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] gful/s clwsf/ klg xf] .Æ egL ;fj{hlgs  ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] lgj]bg lbg] xsb}ofnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L  l/6 hf/L ePsf] 5 .

#_ uf]kfn l;jfsf]6L ;d]t lj= hn>f]t dGqfno ;d]t

•k|:t't ljjfbdf /fw]Zofd clwsf/Lsf] d'2fdf k|ltkflbt l;4fGtnfO{ pb[t ub}{{ >L % sf] ;/sf/jf s'g} ;fj{hlgs lgsfo jf  kbflwsf/Ln] sfg"g jf ;+ljwfg jdf]lhd ug'{kg]{ s'g] sfd u/]g jf ug{ gx'g] sfd u¥of] / To;sf] kl/0ffdtM s'g} JolQm jf JolQmx?nfO{ sfg"gL b[li6df s'g} JolQmut Ifltk'u]sf] 5}g t/ hg;fwf/0fsf] ;fdfGo lxt jf :jfy{df k|lts'n k|efj k/]sf] 5 eg] Tof] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] s'/f x'G5 . -c?0f t];|f]_

$_ ;सुo{k|;fb zdf{ 9'¨]n lj= uf]bfj/L dfj{n

•of] ljjfbsf] lgj]bg @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg cfpg' eGbf cufj} @)!( ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg cGtu{t d'=P]= c=j+= !) g+=;d]tsf] cfwf/df btf{ ePsf] xf] . o; d'2fdf klxnf] k6s ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf] dxTjsf] jf/]df ljj]rgf ub}{ To;}sf] cfwf/df xsb}ofnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 .

%_ of]uL g/x/Lgfy lj= k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf

•lrtjg lhNnfsf] gf/fo0f3f6 jhf/ pQ/ tkm{sf] $@ ljufxf hUuf International society of Medicial Science nfO{ ef8fdf lbg] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{onfO{ r'gf}lt lbb} k/sf] lgj]bgdf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf] :yfgsf] kl/k|]Ifdf k|:t't lgj]bg k/]sf] k|:t't ljifo ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo b]lvg cfPsf] x'Fbf lgj]bsnfO{ xsb}of ePsf],

^_k|sfzd0fL zdf{ lj= dlGqkl/ifb ;lrjfno ;d]t lg=g+= ^#(!, g]=sf=k= @)%$_

•o; ljjfbnfO{ /fgL kf]v/L / o;sf] kl/;/nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ub}{ ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo dfgL xsb}ofnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/of] . wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts / P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf] ljifo /fli6«o :t/jf6 gLlt lgdf{0f u/L ;j}If]qdf Ps?ktf sfod /fVg] tkm{ 7f]; Pj+ k|efjsf/L sbd rfNg ;/sf/sf gfddf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ePsf] .

!$_ k|sfzd0fL zdf{ lj= sfg"g dGqfno ;d]t -lg0f{o ldlt @)^%.*.!! l/6 g+= @*@@.)^@_

•k|:t't ljjfbdf 8fG; /]i6'/f, Sofljg /]i6'/f, 8fG; jf/ / d;fh kfn{/nfO{ lgoldt ug{ pko'Qm sfg"g jgfpg cfb]z lbg'sf] ;fy} sfg"g gjg] ;Ddsf] nflu cfrf/ ;+lxtf tof/ u/L ;DjlGwt lgsfonfO{ pknJw u/fOPsf] .

•!%_ ;'lgnjfj' kGt ;d]t lj= dlGqkl/ifb -l/6 g+= (!&.)^$ lg0f{o ldlt @)^$.(.^

•t];|f] ln+uLsf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu cfjZos sfg"g lgdf{0f ug{ cfb]z hf/L ePsf] 5 / tT;DjGw

•!^_ /Tgjxfb'/ jfUrGb lj= dlGqkl/ifb, l/6 g+= ##&*.)^! lg0f{o ldlt @)^$.&.@!

•;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf l/6 lgj]bgnfO{ :jLsfb}{ lk5l8Psf] ju{sf] lxtsf] ;+/If0f ug{ cfjZos sfg"g jgfpg cfb]z hf/L ePsf] 5 .

•hgs ;j]bL lj= ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfno ;d]t

•ljifo M pTk|]if0f ;d]t

•g]sfk @)^^, c+s $, lg0f{o g+=*!#),

•k|rlnt sfg"gljk/Lt gx'g] / gful/sx?sf] xs xgg\ gx'g] afx]s cGo h'g;'s} ljifodf sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ k|of]u u/L k|wfgdGqLn] lg0f{o ug{ ;S5 . o:tf] gLltut lg0f{o ug{;Sg] k|wfgdGqLdf sfg"gL clwsf/sf] cnfjf cGtlg{lxt clwsf/;d]t /xg] .

•;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb / To;df ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf] lhsL/ lnO{ pkrf/ vf]Hg cfpg] JolQmn] lg:jfy{ ?kdf ;kmf xft lnO{ cfpg' kg]{ .

•Public Trust Doctrine cGtu{t g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]tdf g]kfn ;/sf/ Trustee ;Dd dfq x'g] / g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/j]u/ 5f8f ¿kn] s]jn gfd dfqsf] /fhZj a'emfPsf] e/df dfq jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ u/L sfo{ ug{ lbg gx'g] .

•jftfj/0f k|b"if0f jf:tjdf /fHosf] v/fa Socio–Economic Policy sf] sf/0f g} x'g] xf] . olb o; k'gLt sfo{df sfo{kflnsfn] cfˆgf] ;+a}wflgs st{Jo kfngf ug{ l9nfO{ u5{ jf kl5 k5{ eg] gful/sx¿sf] df}lns xssf] Guardian cbfnt r"k nfu]/ a:g x'Fb}g . jftfj/0f hf]ufpg] o; cbfntn] kfPsf] Constitutional Mandate k"/f / kfngf ug{'kg]{ .

  clwjQmf gf/fo0fk|;fb b]jsf]6f lj?4 ;DdfgLo k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]

  ljifo M pTk|]if0f, k/dfb]z ;d]t g]sfk @)^&, c+s !@, lg=g+= *%@!, k[=@)%#

•;jf]{Rr cbfntn] PIL dfkm{t x:tIf]k u/]sf If]qx?

•;/sf/sf] csd{0otf lj?4

•;/sf/sf] lg/+s'ztf jf u}/ sfg'gL sfo{ /f]Sg

•sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog

•sfg'g agfpg ;/sf/nfO{ lgb]{zg

•sfo{ljlw gePsf]df sfo{ljlw tf]sLlbPsf]

•sfg'g gjg];Ddsf] nflu sfg'g agfPsf]

•;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f

•jftfj/0f ;+/If0f,

•;fdflhs Gofo

•sdhf]/ au{sf] lxtsf] ;+/If0f

•;j} k|sf/sf gLltut lg0f{odf cbfntn] x:tIf]k ug]{ xf] eg] tL lgsfosf] sfo{k|0ffnLdf Psftkm{ cbfntsf] cgfjZos x:tIf]k x'g k'Ub5 eg] csf]{tkm{ cbfntsf] cfb]z ;w} / ;j} cj:yfdf sfof{Gjogof]Uo x'g g;sL o:tf] ljifo Goflos Joj:yfksLo dfkb08 -Judicially Manageable Standard_ eGbf aflx/ ;d]t kg{ cfpg] x'Fbf lgj]bgdf plNnlvt k|s[ltsf ljifox¿df g]kfn ;/sf/nufot cGo :jfoQ lgsfox¿n] lng] / lng'kg]{ gLltut lg0f{osf ljifodf cbfntn] ;se/ x:tIf]k ug{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvb}g . To;}n] lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf] h:tf ljifox¿df cbfntn] x:tIf]k gu/L :j]lR5s ¿kdf Goflos cfTd;+od (Judicial Self-Restraint) ckgfpg' g} jfG5gLo b]lvg cfpg] .

  -clwjQmf /fds[i0f sfkm\n] lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t, pTk|]if0f ;d]t,   g]sfk @)^&, c+s ^, lg=g+= *#(), k[=(*)_

•clt Goflos cu|;/tf (Extreme Judicial Activism) jf cgfjZos Goflos lgliqmotfsf] xb;Dd Goflos cfTd;+od (Judicial-self restraint) ckgfpg' b'j}n] hgtfsf] Gofo k|fKt ug]{ dfu{df cj/f]wsf] l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg] vt/fk|lt lg0f{ostf{ ;Fw} ;hu / ;fjwfg /xg' kg]{ .

•clwjQmf ;'bz{g ;'j]bL ;d]t lj= g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]

•sfof{no ;d]t

•laifo M k/dfb]z ;d]t

• g]sfk @)^(, c+s % lg0f{o g+=**##, k[i7 *#)